The ethics of ambiguity tr Book Review:. The Ethics of Ambiguity. The Ethics of Ambiguity Book Review:. Author : Roland A. The Religion of Existence. The Religion of Existence Book Review:.
Comparing Kant and Sartre. Comparing Kant and Sartre Book Review:. What Is Existentialism. What Is Existentialism Book Review:. An Introduction to Modern European Philosophy. The Laws of the Spirit. The Laws of the Spirit Book Review:. At the Existentialist Caf. At the Existentialist Caf Book Review:. After Utopia. Author : Judith N. After Utopia Book Review:. Author : Thomas W. The Oxford Handbook of the Self.
Violence and the Philosophical Imaginary. Author : Ann V. Violence and the Philosophical Imaginary Book Review:. Author : Library of Congress. The Laughter of Sarah. Author : C. Our ability to transcend our physical limitations through thought is what gives rise to both freedom and moral obligation.
However, like many other feminist thinkers, de Beauvoir sees as problematic the tendency embedded in the Western philosophical tradition to prioritize one side of an apparent dualism, such as spirit over matter, or self over other, or the individual over the collective. And when our ambiguities are examined, it becomes apparent that although human perception seeks dualisms, no prioritization of any one over the other need be established.
In The Ethics of Ambiguity, she emphasizes that we must recognize the dual nature of the human condition not only in ourselves, but also in those we perceive as other. These views are consistent with general existentialist takes on freedom and responsibility.
Should we act this way or that? Even the decision not to act at all is still a choice. Being free, we each create our meaning through our choices and subsequent actions. De Beauvoir draws upon this principle of freedom as a foundational premise for her ethical theory. A summary of her argument might read: Humans are inherently free; to be moral is to will oneself free; but not every human acts morally: so is it not a contradiction to suggest that all humans are free? I understand this to mean that we gain access to moral freedom by actively engaging with the process of transcending our facticity and projecting ourselves into future possibilities, or put simply, by accepting responsibility for our choices.
So even human subjectivity is relational, since both meaning and freedom are disclosed through relationships with others. A response to a second charge, however, is not as clear-cut. It is the original condition of all justification of existence.
So, with your freedom you create values; but underlying this subjectivity is an objective morality of freedom. However, Arp then raises the additional question of how one can know if any given action does lead one in the direction of moral freedom BF p At various points in The Ethics of Ambiguity, de Beauvoir rejects the utilitarian suggestion that one can choose from specific results through a form of ethical calculus.
In other words, de Beauvoir emphasizes that we do not always know what the results of our choices will be, as the future into which we project ourselves has not yet happened. Therefore, we can never really know if we are making the right decision. Simone de Beauvoir made her own distinctive contribution to existentialism in the form of an ethics which diverged sharply from that of Jean-Paul Sartre. In her novels and philosophical essays of the s she produced not just a recognizably existentialist ethics, but also a character ethics and an ethics for violence.
These concerns, stemming from her own personal philosophical background, give a vital, contemporary resonance to her work. De Beauvoir's feminist classic The Second Sex reflects her earlier philosophical interests, and is considerably strengthened by this influence. This book defends her existentialist feminism against the many reproaches which have been levelled against it over several decades, not least the criticism that it is steeped in Sartrean masculinism.
Collects essays, articles, and plays by the French writer, including "A story I used to tell myself," and "What can literature do? Through her eyes, we see an intimate portrait of the man who was widely recognized as one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century-the foremost philosopher of existentialism, a Nobel Prize-winning playwright, and a central figure in almost every major philosophical, political, literary, and social issue of our time.
De Beauvoir was Sartre's closet friend, his intellectual companion, and, intermittently, his lover, from his early twenties until his death.
It is she who tells his story in Adieux. She begins with a year-by-year memoir of Sartre's last decade: his political involvements, his work on Flaubert, his friendships, his relationship with her, his slow demise. The second and longer part of the book is a conversation between Sartre and De Beauvoir about his entire life and work. Unguarded, lucid, and incisive, Sartre talks about the origins of his philosophy, the inspiration for his fiction, and the conviction behind his activism.
But more than a philosophical book, Adieux is a personal dialogue of astonishing candor. Sartre openly discusses his relationships with women-a subject which seems to pain De Beauvoir even now; his ugliness; his fear of passion. And in one of the most moving passages in Adieux, De Beauvoir anticipates Sartre's death. She knows he is dying, but she cannot tell him. Existentialism's acceptance of death does not console her.
Adieux reveals the inner Sartre and the inner De Beauvoir, and illuminates one of the most extraordinary relationships of our century.
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